Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms.
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plants-10-02116-v2.pdf
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7.4 MB
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Resource type
Journal article
Date published
October 6, 2021
Abstract
The aromatic species Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth (Piperaceae) is widely used in Brazil for medicinal and ritualistic applications. In the current study, chemophenetic patterns were realized across season and circadian rhythm based on the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs) from leaves. Hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, and a new calculation of metabolite oxidation level, averaged for each individual molecule component of the EO, was used to explore the patterns of metabolism/biosynthesis. This new index used an intermediate calculation, the ‘weighted average redox standard’ (SRO), to enable a value for mixtures of metabolites to be generated, the ‘general mixture redox index’ (GMOR). The indices were subjected to a proof-of-concept approach by making comparison to outcomes from multivariate analyses, i.e., PCA and HCA. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the essential oils were dominated by sesquiterpenes, constructed of 15 classes of compound (C-skeletons), and 4 C-skeletons were recognized in the monoterpene group, giving a total of 19. The variation of chemical profiles was distinct at different phenological stages, but stronger chemical variation was evident between day and night as compared to season. Furthermore, due to comprehensive sampling across different regions, nine chemotypes were recognized, including those previously reported. The SRO and GMRO indices demonstrate that phenological variation of chemistry is mainly an outcome of redox fluctuations in terpene biosynthesis, changing from day to night. These indices also corroborate that chemical diversity is increased with oxidative metabolism. Lastly, the current study demonstrates pronounced phenotypic plasticity in P. gaudichaudianum, which makes it a suitable candidate to help further our understanding of chemophenetics and chemical ecology.
Funder
| Funder name | Awards |
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development | 407845/2017-8 |
Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro | Bolsas |
Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | Bolsa |
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil | 407845/2017-8 |
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | |
Programa de Excelência em Pesquisa, Brazil | |
Journal title
Plants
Volume
10
Issue
10
Article number
10102116
Publisher
MDPI AG
Place of publication
Basel, Switzerland
eISSN
2223-7747
Date accepted
September 28, 2021
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In Copyright