Classes and phyla of the kingdom Fungi.

Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million. The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al., and the definition and the higher ranks (e.g., phyla) of the ‘true fungi’ have been revised in several subsequent publications. Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom. This study provides an updated classification of the kingdom , drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of , with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings. We accept 19 phyla of viz , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . In the phylogenies, resides in ; thus, the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter, while is viewed as a class in . We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes. A new subphylum, Karpov is introduced as the only subphylum in . The subclass Kirk et al. in , is invalid and thus validated. Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed, providing examples.

Project(s)

Priority 4: Accelerated Taxonomy

Funder

Funder name	Awards
National Natural Science Foundation of China	No. 32460002 - No. 31960005 - No. 32000009 - No. 32170019 - NSFC 32260004 - 32150410362
Russian Humanitarian Foundation, Russia	No. 24-44-00099 - No. 23-74-00071 - No. 24-44-00099
National Research Council of Thailand	No. N42A650547
National Institute of Nursing Research, United States	1P20GM152333-01
National Science Foundation, United States	2029478
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan	JSPS, 23K05900
Croatian Science Foundation	HRZZ-IP-2022-10-5219 - RSF (21-74-20089) - ZIN RAS (122031100260-0)
Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project	(R3RJ2)
Asian Development Bank, Philippines
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil	306632/2022-5
Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco, Brazil	FACEPE –APQ-1346-2.12/22
Agriculture Sci-Tech Renovation	XJNKYWDZC–2022004
Research Council Flanders, Belgium	1206024N
Austrian Science Fund, Austria	FWF (P31038)
Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province “High-End Foreign Experts, China
National Centre for Research and Development, Poland	Tango-IV-C/0005/2019
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China	President’s International Fellowship Initiative (2021FYB0005),
Smart Yunnan Project, China	E13K281261
High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces, China