Plastid phylogenomics of Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): Conservative plastomes, new variable markers, and comparative analyses of plastid, nuclear, and mitochondrial data.

We present the first comparative plastome study of Pleurothallidinae with analyses of structural and molecular characteristics and identification of the ten most-variable regions to be incorporated in future phylogenetic studies. We sequenced complete plastomes of eight species in the subtribe and compared phylogenetic results of these to parallel analyses of their nuclear ribosomal DNA operon (26S, 18S, and 5.8S plus associated spacers) and partial mitochondrial genome sequences (29–38 genes and partial introns). These plastomes have the typical quadripartite structure for which gene content is similar to those of other orchids, with variation only in the composition of the genes. The independent loss of genes had an impact on which genes border the inverted repeats and thus the size of the small single-copy region, leading to variation in overall plastome length. Analyses of 68 coding sequences indicated the same pattern of codon usage as in other orchids, and 13 protein-coding genes under positive selection were detected. Also, we identified 62 polymorphic microsatellite loci and ten highly variable regions, for which we designed primers. Phylogenomic analyses showed that the top ten mutational hotspots represent well the phylogenetic relationships found with whole plastome sequences. However, strongly supported incongruence was observed among plastid, nuclear ribosomal DNA operon, and mitochondrial DNA trees, indicating possible occurrence of incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgressive hybridization. Despite the incongruence, the mtDNA tree retrieved some clades found in other analyses. These results, together with performance in recent studies, support a future role for mitochondrial markers in Pleurothallidinae phylogenetics.