Revisions to the Gliophorus irrigatus complex (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae, Gliophorus, section Unguinosae) including four new species, one new combination and comparisons of basidiome vs. eDNA distributions.
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Resource type
Journal article
Date published
January 29, 2026
Abstract
Here, we report the discovery of four new agaricoid fungi in the Gliophorus irrigatus complex of the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus alboviscidus sp. nov. from the UK is morphologically identical to the European G. irrigatus (which we neotypify), except that its basidiome is white or pale Buff-coloured vs. brownish-grey. Two new species from eastern North America, Gliophorus fumosus sp. nov. (provisional name Gliophorus sp. ‘irrigatus-IN01’) and Gliophorus parafumosus sp. nov. (previously labelled G. irrigatus) resemble G. irrigatus s.s. in grey colour and morphology, but their distributions are restricted to North America. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the two North American groups form distinct clades, with > 10% ITS sequence divergence from European G. irrigatus s.s. and from each other. Though G. alboviscidus sp. nov. is currently known only from two locations in the UK, searches for related sequences from eDNA (environmental DNA) sequence repositories (UNITE/GlobalFungi) suggested that this species is more widely distributed in Eurasia. G. fumosus and G. parafumosus sequences from eastern North America were divergent from both European G. irrigatus and G. alboviscidus; both were more closely related to another species with a strong odour and white/Buff basidiomes from north-western North America, Hygrophorus subaromaticus, for which we sequenced the holotype and recombine in the genus Gliophorus. We also describe a new species from north-western North America, G. calunus sp. nov. (provisional name Gliophorus sp. ‘irrigatus-CA01’), based on vouchered specimens photographed and sequenced by a paraprofessional group, CA FUNDIS. We highlight the importance of citizen-scientist groups and paraprofessionals in documenting macrofungal species and their distributions via databases, such as iNaturalist, Mushroom Observer and MycoMap. Further, we discuss reasons that eDNA distributions are often larger than known distributions of basidiomes, including G. alboviscidus and G. fumosus.
Project(s)
Priority 5: Enhanced Partnerships
Funder
| Funder name | Awards |
National Science Foundation, United States | Grant DEB-2106130 Macrosystems Biology - NEON-Enabled Science Grant |
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil | 446124/2024-9 |
European Regional Development Fund, European Union | Supercomputing Wales project |
Journal title
MycoKeys
Volume
127
Publisher
Pensoft Publishers
Place of publication
Sofia, Bulgaria
ISSN
1314-4057
eISSN
1314-4049
Date accepted
December 26, 2025
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Additional information
IF = 3.6 (2024)