Phylogeny, taxonomy, and character evolution in Entoloma subgenus Nolanea.

Abstract

• is a well-known and long-established subgenus of the genus traditionally defined mainly by the mycenoid basidiocarps of the included species. Until now, revisions of this subgenus including molecular data exist only on a regional scale. In this study, the phylogeny of species of is analysed based on multi-gene DNA sequences including data of specimens from all continents. New primers are designed for the mitochondrial small subunit and . The performance of the DNA loci in reconstructing the phylogeny in subg. is evaluated. An ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer the character state evolution as well as the importance and reliability of morphological characters used to define subclades below subgeneric rank. Based on the results, seven sections are recognised in : the sections , , , , , , and the newly described sect. . A large phylogeny based on the fungal barcode rDNA ITS with numerous type sequences is used to evaluate current species concepts. Several names are revealed to be synonyms of older names. Four species new to science are described, namely , , , and . Lectotypes, epitypes or neotypes are designated for , , , , , , , and . The re-evaluation of the limits of subg. leads to an altered concept excluding species with distinct, lageniform cheilocystidia. The section is placed in subg. . For several species formerly accommodated in , but excluded now, viz., , , , and the taxonomic position remains unclear, because of the yet unresolved phylogeny of the whole genus .