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2022
Journal article
Understanding effects of floral products on bee parasites: Mechanisms, synergism, and ecological complexity.
Fitch, Gordon ; Figueroa, Laura L. ; Koch, Hauke ; Stevenson, Philip C. ; Adler, Lynn S.
Bombus, Bee pathogens, Plant secondary metabolites, Nectar, Apis, Pollinators, and Pollen
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2019
Journal article
For antagonists and mutualists: the paradox of insect toxic secondary metabolites in nectar and pollen
The plant kingdom produces an extraordinary diversity of secondary metabolites and the majority of the literature supports a defensive ecological role for them, particularly against invertebrate herbivores (antagonists). Plants also produce secondary compounds in floral nectar and pollen and these are often similar to those produced for defense against invertebrates...Stevenson, Philip C.
Bombus, Bee pathogens, Nicotine, Caffeine, Pollinator specialization, Nectar chemicals, and Crithidia bombi